CO2 Emissions and GDP per Capita in 1962

Year of Strongest Correlation between CO2 Emissions and GDP per Capita

Year
1967

Interactive Scatterplot Comparing CO2 Emissions and GDP per Capita in Year of Strongest Correlation

Relationship between Continent and Energy Use

Below we will investigate the relationship between continent and energy use (kg of oil per capita) spanning the entirety of the dataset. Given that continent is a nonbinary, categorical variable and energy use is a quantitative variable, we will start with an ANOVA test for statistical significance.

##              Df    Sum Sq   Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)    
## continent     4 7.715e+08 192870621   51.46 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals   843 3.160e+09   3748033                   
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 436 observations deleted due to missingness
Given that the p-value is below 0.05, at a standard confidence level of 95%, we have determined that there is some statistically significant relationship between continent and energy use in this dataset. For more specific understanding of that relationship, we will now use Tukey HSD testing for pairwise comparisons of energy use between each two countries.
diff lwr upr p adj
Americas-Africa 1005.1037 466.8326 1543.3748 0.0000041
Asia-Africa 1168.7636 628.2529 1709.2742 0.0000000
Europe-Africa 2447.5453 1947.3838 2947.7067 0.0000000
Oceania-Africa 3281.7976 2040.3410 4523.2543 0.0000000
Asia-Americas 163.6599 -384.4160 711.7357 0.9256447
Europe-Americas 1442.4416 934.1141 1950.7691 0.0000000
Oceania-Americas 2276.6940 1031.9249 3521.4630 0.0000069
Europe-Asia 1278.7817 768.0833 1789.4801 0.0000000
Oceania-Asia 2113.0341 867.2950 3358.7732 0.0000402
Oceania-Europe 834.2524 -394.5176 2063.0223 0.3421942

As seen above, there are two pairs with a p-value > 0.05: Asia-Americas and Europe-Oceania. This observation supports a three-way clustering of energy use by continent in which one cluster consists solely of Africa, the other consists of Asia and America, and the other consists of Europe and Oceania. Within-cluster similarity is illustrated by the below boxplot.

Imports of Goods and Services as % of GDP in Europe and Asia after 1990

Below we will determine whether there is a significant difference between Europe and Asia with respect to import goods and services as a % of GDP. Given that we are using a binary subset of the categorical continent variable for prediction and that import goods and services as a % of GDP is a quantitative variable, t-testing will be used.

pval
0.1575197

Given that the p-value is above 0.05, there is not a significant difference between Europe and Asia with respect to import goods and services as a % of GDP.

The above boxplot provides a visual intuition for the lack of a significant difference between Europe and Asia with respect to import goods and services as a % of GDP. The medians for the two countries are roughly the same, and the lower and upper quartiles for both countries are both in roughly the range [25, 60], which covers less than a quarter of the full range of the data.

Country with Highest Average Population Density over All Years

Country Name
Macao SAR, China

Country with Highest Increase in Life Expectancy from 1962 to 2007

Country Name
Maldives